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最後，此些撰文者們面臨了，有關在雷同酵母菌的模子生物中，產生大量個別基因及蛋白質數據集之任何研究的兩項重大挑戰：若何將此些數據組合成協調的圖？及若何整合此事例中，從酵母菌到人類的跨物種資訊？

帕金森氏症(PD)及其他“突觸核卵白病”已知，與神經元中的α突觸核卵白毛病折疊有關翻譯透過人類遺傳學的分析，較不清晰的是，此錯誤摺疊若何涉及帕金森氏症中，增多遭連累的基因數量。

To confirm their work, the researchers generated neurons from Parkinson’s patients with different genetic forms of the disease. They showed that the molecular maps generated from their analyses allowed them to identify abnormalities shared among these distinct forms of Parkinson’s.

“In the second paper翻譯社 we created a spatial map of alpha-synuclein, cataloging all the proteins in living neurons that were in close proximity to the protein,” explained Chee Yeun Chung, former Whitehead Institute Senior Research Scientist, who co-led both studies with Khurana.

Finally, the authors addressed two major challenges for any study that generates large data-sets of individual genes and proteins in model organisms like yeast: How to assemble the data into coherent maps? And how to integrate information across species, in this case from yeast to human?

與Khurana配合輔導這兩項研究的懷特海德生物醫學研究所，前資深研究科學家Chee Yeun Chung注釋：「在第二篇論文中，他們設計了α突觸核蛋白的空間圖，來將活神經元中極度接近該卵白的所有蛋白質編入目次中。」

“As a result, for the first time, we were able to visualize the protein’s location, at minute scale翻譯社 under physiologic conditions in an intact brain cell翻譯社” noted Chung翻譯社 who is now Scientific Co-founder and Associate Director at Yumanity Therapeutics in Cambridge. 

引人注視的是，這些源自上述兩種方式的圖是密切相關的，且集中於溝通帕金森氏症的基因及細胞轉變進程。豈論於酵母細胞或神經元中，α突觸核卵白皆直接干擾此細胞諸卵白質的產生速率，及細胞分室間的蛋白質輸送。

懷特海德生物醫學研究所前客座科學家，及麻省理工學院博士後研究員的較量爭論生物學家，今朝是美國伊利諾大學厄巴納-香檳分校計算機科學助理傳授，Jian Peng诠釋：「起首，他們必需想出更好的方法，來找出酵母基因的人類對應物，然後必需以成心義的方法，來清算具有人類屬性的基因組。」

“It turns out the mechanisms of toxicity of the misfolded protein are closely related to which proteins it directly interacts with, and that these interactions can explain connections between different Parkinson’s genetic risk factors,” said Khurana, now a Principal Investigator within the Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases at Brigham and Women’s Hospital and the Harvard Stem Cell Institute.

今朝是美國麻薩諸塞州劍橋市Yumanity Therapeutics生物技術公司的科學配合開創人兼副總監的Chung強調：「效果，他們首度能在完全腦細胞的心理狀況下，以極細小標准視覺化該蛋白質的位置。」

“Among them were multiple genes known to predispose individuals to Parkinson’s—so we show that various genetic forms of Parkinson’s are directly related to alpha-synuclein. Moreover, the results showed that many effects of alpha-synuclein have been conserved across a billion years of evolution from yeast to human翻譯社” said Khurana翻譯社 former Visiting Scientist at the Whitehead Institute.

To start翻譯社 they created two ways to systematically map the footprint of alpha-synuclein within living cells. “In the first paper翻譯社 we used powerful and unbiased genetic tools in the simple Baker’s yeast cell to identify 332 genes that impact the toxicity of alpha-synuclein,” explained Vikram Khurana, first and co-corresponding author on the studies.

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在此之前，在觸及上述各種帕金森氏症的基因間，沒有顯明份子聯系關系性。” Khurana表示：「他們認為，上述方式可能為未來研發特定病患的療法鋪路翻譯」

Enter computational biologist Jian Peng, former Visiting Scientist at Whitehead Institute and postdoctoral researcher at MIT. “First, we had to figure out much better methods to find human counterparts of yeast genes, and then we had to arrange the humanized set of genes in a meaningful way翻譯社” explained Peng翻譯社 now Assistant Professor of Computer Sciences at University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign.

藉由利用一種，使距離突觸核蛋白不及10奈米的卵白質得以，利用可追蹤酶解圖譜被符號的酵素(APEX)，來標志α突觸核卵白。上述圖的繪製，是在沒有擾亂神經元自然情況下告竣的翻譯

“The result was TransposeNet翻譯社 a new suite of computational tools that uses machine learning algorithms to visualize patterns and interaction networks based on genes that are highly conserved from yeast to humans—and then makes predictions about the additional genes that are part of the alpha-synuclein toxicity response in humans.”

開始，他們設計了兩種有系統繪製活細胞內α突觸核卵白足跡圖的方式。這兩篇研究的重要暨配合通信撰文人，Vikram Khurana注釋：「第一篇論文中，在麵包酵母細胞樣本中，他們利用了強有力且中庸之道的遺傳對象，來確認332個影響α突觸核卵白毒性的基因。」

Remarkably, the maps derived from these two processes were closely related and converged on the same Parkinson’s genes and cellular processes. Whether in a yeast cell or in a neuron, alpha synuclein directly interfered with the rate of production of proteins in the cell, and the transport of proteins between cellular compartments.

今朝是美國麻薩諸塞州波士頓市布里根婦女病院Ann Romney神經病學疾病中間，及哈佛大學醫學院幹細胞研究所重要查詢拜訪研究員的Khurana宣稱：「這證實了，錯誤摺疊的卵白質毒性機理，與其直接交互感化的卵白質有親近聯系關系，而且此些交互感化能诠釋，帕金森氏症不同遺傳風險因子間的聯系關系性翻譯」

The mapping was achieved without disturbing the native environment of the neuron翻譯社 by tagging alpha-synuclein with an enzyme—APEX—that allowed proteins less than 10 nanometers away from synuclein to be marked with a trackable fingerprint.

懷特海德生物醫學研究所前客座科學家，Khurana傳播鼓吹：「個中多個是已知，使個別易得帕金森氏症的基因，因此他們證實，帕金森氏症的各種遺傳情勢，直接與α突觸核卵白有關翻譯此外，這些研究後果證實了，α突觸核卵白的諸多感化，在經歷十億年的演變中，從酵母菌到人類一向是守恆的。」

In two studies published in the advance online edition of Cell Systems, researchers affiliated with Whitehead Institute and Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) explain how they used a suite of novel biological and computational methods to shed light on the question. 

原文網址：http://wi.mit.edu/news/archive/2017/new-clues-basis-parkinson-s-disease-and-other-synucleinopathies

Prior to this, there was no obvious molecular connection between the genes implicated in these varieties of PD. "We believe these methods could pave the way for developing patient-specific treatments in the future翻譯社” Khurana observed.

此分析產生了，切確顯示出α突觸核蛋白若何透過明白分子路子，而與其他帕金森氏症的基因有關。Khurana傳播鼓吹：「今朝，他們擁探討看似不相幹基因，若何一路激發帕金森氏症及此些基因若何與該疾病中，毛病摺疊卵白質有關聯的方式。」

「結果是轉置網(TransposeNet：一套憑據從酵母到人類是高度守恆的基因，利用學習演算法的機械來視覺化模式及互動收集，然後作出預測有關，屬人類α突觸核卵白毒性反應一部份之額外基因的新計算東西翻譯」

為了證實他們的研究，此些研究人員從具有分歧帕金森氏症遺傳形式的患者產生了神經元翻譯他們證實，從其闡發圖產生的份子圖，使他們得以確認此些不同情勢帕金森氏症中，共有的異常。

This analysis produced networks that mapped out how alpha-synuclein is related to other Parkinson’s genes through well-defined molecular pathways. “We now have a system to look at how seemingly unrelated genes come together to cause Parkinson’s and how they are related to the protein that misfolds in this disease,” said Khurana.

在頒發於先行網路版《細胞系統》期刊的兩篇研究中，隸屬美國麻省理工學院及懷特海德生物醫學研究所的研究人員們注釋了，他們若何使用一套新的生物暨計較方式，來說明上述問題。

Parkinson’s disease (PD) and other “synucleinopathies” are known to be linked to the misfolding of alpha-synuclein protein in neurons. Less clear is how this misfolding relates to the growing number of genes implicated in PD through analysis of human genetics.